Lub raj mis iavthiab cov hub iav yog cov thawv ua los ntawm iav, feem ntau yog siv rau kev khaws cia thiab thauj ntau yam khoom. Raws li lawv cov kev siv thiab cov duab sib txawv, cov fwj iav thiab cov hub iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom:
- Lub raj mis iav ib txwm muaj: hom raj mis iav feem ntau, feem ntau yog siv los khaws cov khoom noj, dej haus, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam khoom.
- Lub raj mis iav tempered: tom qab kev kho mob tshwj xeeb, lawv lub zog thiabkev cuam tshuam tsis kamtuaj yeem txhim kho tau, feem ntau siv los khaws cov khoom tawg yooj yim lossis hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov iav tawg.
- Lub raj mis iav nqus tsev: nruab nrogcov nplhaib foobthiab cov khoom siv tso pa tawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj raj mis, lawv tuaj yeem tswj tau lub xeev nqus tsev sab hauv, feem ntau yog siv los khaws cov khoom uas yooj yim oxidation lossis puas tsuaj.
- Cov fwj iav uas muaj lub hau ua ke: lub hau thiab lub cev fwj tau sib xyaw ua ke, feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom ntim khoom uas xav tau cov ntim khoom kaw, xws li tshuaj.
- Cov fwj iav kho kom zoo nkauj: feem ntau yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj,kev npaj paj, thiab lwm yam hom phiaj, nrog ntau yam duab thiab xim uas tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau.
- Lwm cov fwj iav tshwj xeeb: xws li cov fwj tshuaj reagent,cov fwj roj tseem ceeb, lub raj mis tshuaj tsw qab, thiab lwm yam, tsim thiab tsim raws li cov yam ntxwv thiab kev siv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv.
- Ntawm lawv, cov fwj iav ib txwm muaj peev xwm muab faib ua pawg ntxiv los ntawm xim, xws li xim av rau cawv liab, xiav rau npias, ntsuab tsaus rau roj txiv roj, thiab lwm yam.
Tuam Tshoj twb tau siv cov kav dej los ua cov thawv iav khoob thaum lub sijhawm Tang thiabCov nkauj dynasties.
Cov fwj iav siv dav hauv kev ntim khoom haus, dej cawv, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj, khoom siv kawm, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Piv rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom, cov fwj iav muaj qhov zoo xws li pob tshab, yooj yim ntxuav, ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg siab, tsis muaj kuab paug rau cov ntsiab lus, cua nruj zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo heev, ntau yam duab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov fwj iav yog lawv qhov tsis yooj yim tawg thiab hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm kev siv tshuab tsim khoom, cov kev tsis zoo no maj mam raug daws.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev lag luam iav niaj hnub no tuaj yeem taug qab rov qab mus rau xyoo 1904 thiab 1908. Lub Hoobkas iav Shanghai Jinghua, tau tsim tsa xyoo 1931, yog thawj lub Hoobkas hauv Suav teb uas txuas ntxiv tsim cov fwj iav thiab cov thawv siv cov hluav taws kub hla thiab cov khau raj zoo li lub qhov cub hluav taws kub thiab cov tshuab ua lub raj mis tsis siv neeg. Xyoo 1950, Suav teb tau tsim ntau lub Hoobkas ua lub raj mis niaj hnub loj. Xyoo 1980, qhov kev txhim kho loj tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov fwj iav yog qhov hnyav ntawm cov fwj iav, uas txuag cov khoom siv raw, roj, nce kev ceev ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab txo cov nqi thauj mus los. Los ntawm xyoo 2010, peb cov Hoobkas tau sau ntau xyoo ntawm kev paub txog kev tsim khoom, txhim kho thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv raw, thiab peb cov fwj iav tsis muaj cov hlau hnyav xws li txhuas thiab mercury lawm. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm tag nrho kev lag luam, lubcov yam ntxwv kev noj qab haus huvntawm cov fwj iav kuj tau raug cuam tshuam, thiab peb cov khoom tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom zam. Tib lub sijhawm,peb lub Hoobkastxuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab hloov kho dua tshiabcov mis nyuj nyoosntawm cov fwj iav raws li kev paub dhau los, ua rau peb cov fwj iav pob tshab dua thiab tsis muaj cov khoom tsis huv hauv xim. Tom qab dhau los ntawm 500-meter ntev annealing thiab txias conveyor, cov fwj iav txias ntuj, ua rau lawv ruaj khov dua, ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li cov fwj iav zoo sib xws. Rau peb cov khoom, peb tau tsim txoj kev faib cov khoom siv raw, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam. Peb siv cov khoom siv raw sib txawv rau cov fwj iav sib txawv, kev siv sib txawv, thiab cov duab sib txawv, uas ua rau cov khoom tiv taus siab xws li cov fwj champagne, cov fwj npias, thiab cov fwj dej haus ntau dua, cov khoom lag luam siab xws li cov fwj cawv thiab cov fwj tshuaj tsw qab ntau dua thiab zoo nkauj dua, khob dej thiab lwm yam khoom hloov pauv tau yooj yim dua raukev hloov pauv kub sai, thiab cov thawv pickle pheej yig dua, txo cov nqi siv. Peb lub hom phiaj yog tsim cov khoom zoo dua ntawm tus nqi qis dua siv cov txheej txheem zoo dua.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ntawm cov fwj iav thiab cov hub yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb xav tau kev siv li cas,cov txheej txheem molding,molding ceev,cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, thiab cov khoom siv raw. Feem ntau cov fwj thiab cov hub dej yog ua los ntawm cov iav soda-lime-silica. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov iav soda-lime-silica yog SiO2, Na2O, thiab CaO. Ntxiv cov Al2O3 thiab MgO kom txaus tuaj yeem txo qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov iav kom crystallize, txhim kho kev ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg thiablub zog kho tshuabntawm cov iav, thiab txhim kho qhov pwm ntawm cov iav. Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ntawm cov fwj iav soda-lime thiab cov thawv hauv feem ntau lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb yog SiO2 70-74%, CaO thiab MgO 10-14%, Na2O thiab K2O 13-16%, thiab Al2O3 1.5-2.5%. Thaum tsim cov fwj iav tsis muaj xim thiab cov thawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Fe2O3 hauvxuab zeb quartzyog qis heev (feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.03%). Ntxiv Cr2O3 thiab Fe2O3 yuav ua rau cov iav soda-lime zoo li ntsuab, thaum ntxiv sulfur-carbon lossis MnO2 thiab Fe2O3 yuav ua rau iav zoo li xim av. Borosilicate iav feem ntau siv los ua lub raj mis thiab lub thawv rau tshuaj vim nws cov tshuaj ruaj khov siab. Cov raj mis tshuaj pleev ib ce zoo tshaj plaws feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov iav crystalline uas muaj cov hlau lead, barium, lossis zinc, thaum qee qhov yog ua los ntawm cov iav mis nyuj siv cov fluorides ua cov neeg sawv cev opacifying.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Rau Hli-06-2023